The recycling of materials is an important element of waste reduction and resource conservation. It is an alternative to conventional waste disposal which can reduce the consumption of raw materials and energy, and it may lower greenhouse gas emissions. It also helps to reduce land pollution from incineration and landfilling and water pollution from dumping. The three basic steps in the recycling process are collection, processing and reuse, or manufacture into new products.
The material recycled can be used for a variety of purposes, including making paper and cardboard, glass bottles and metal containers, and automobiles and appliances. It can be recycled at the source, as in the case of steel scrap or glass containers, or it can be collected after end-of-life use. The most common types of products that are recycled are those that have been produced in a manufacturing process. For example, copper tubing is recycled from the ends and trimmings of newly manufactured tubes. This is called internal recycling.
In contrast, external recycling involves collecting materials from consumers or businesses who have no direct connection to the original manufacturer. This can be done through “buy-back” centres, drop-off centres, and curbside collection.
In general, a successful recycling system requires an adequate supply of quality recycled materials to ensure that it is economically viable. This can be a challenge because humans tend to focus on short-term survival goals and have a tendency to discard materials that are no longer functional or desirable. However, studies have shown that social pressure and community involvement can help to encourage recycling. For example, a study by social psychologist Shawn Burn found that block leaders who spoke with their neighbors about recycling increased participation rates significantly compared to those who simply sent out fliers.
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